Free AP Physics Practice Exam Questions

 

Exam Name AP Physics Practice Exam
Exam Provider College Board
Exam Type Advanced Placement (AP) High School Exam
Total Practice Questions 120+ Practice Questions (MCQs + Graph-Based + Conceptual Problems) – Updated for 2026
Coverage Topics • Kinematics (Motion Graphs, Velocity & Acceleration)
• Newton’s Laws of Motion & Forces
• Work, Energy & Power
• Momentum & Collisions
• Circular Motion & Gravitation
• Waves, Sound & Optics
• Electricity & Circuits (Ohm’s Law, Power)
• Thermodynamics & Fluids
• Modern Physics (Photoelectric Effect, Photons)
Question Format • Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
• Graph-Based & Data Interpretation Questions
• Scenario-Based & Conceptual Physics Problems
Difficulty Level Intermediate to Advanced (Aligned with Real AP Physics Exam)
Skills Developed • Problem-solving & quantitative reasoning
• Graph analysis (motion, circuits, waves)
• Conceptual understanding of physical laws
• Application of formulas to real-world scenarios
Study Tips • Master core formulas and units
• Practice interpreting motion and circuit graphs
• Focus on conceptual understanding, not just memorization
• Solve multi-step problems regularly
Best For High school students preparing for AP Physics exam (Score 4–5 target)
Updated 2026 Latest Version

1.

A car accelerates uniformly from rest at 2 m/s² for 5 seconds. What is its final velocity?
A. 5 m/s
B. 10 m/s
C. 15 m/s
D. 20 m/s

Answer: B. 10 m/s
Rationale: v=at=2×5=10 m/sv = at = 2 × 5 = 10 \, m/s


2.

Which quantity is a vector?
A. Speed
B. Distance
C. Velocity
D. Time

Answer: C
Rationale: Velocity has both magnitude and direction.


3.

An object moves with constant velocity. Its acceleration is:
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Zero
D. Increasing

Answer: C
Rationale: No change in velocity means zero acceleration.


4.

According to Newton’s Second Law:
A. F = ma
B. F = mv
C. F = m/a
D. F = a/m

Answer: A
Rationale: Force equals mass times acceleration.


5.

A 2 kg object experiences a net force of 10 N. Its acceleration is:
A. 2 m/s²
B. 5 m/s²
C. 10 m/s²
D. 20 m/s²

Answer: B
Rationale: a=F/m=10/2=5 m/s2a = F/m = 10/2 = 5 \, m/s²


6.

What is the unit of work?
A. Watt
B. Joule
C. Newton
D. Pascal

Answer: B
Rationale: Work is measured in joules.


7.

Work is defined as:
A. Force × time
B. Force × distance
C. Mass × acceleration
D. Energy × time

Answer: B
Rationale: Work = force × displacement.


8.

Which energy is due to motion?
A. Potential
B. Thermal
C. Kinetic
D. Chemical

Answer: C
Rationale: Kinetic energy depends on velocity.


9.

Kinetic energy formula is:
A. mv
B. ½mv²
C. mgh
D. Fd

Answer: B
Rationale: KE depends on mass and velocity squared.


10.

Potential energy near Earth is:
A. ½mv²
B. mgh
C. Fd
D. mv

Answer: B
Rationale: Depends on height and gravity.


11.

Momentum is defined as:
A. mv²
B. ma
C. mv
D. Fd

Answer: C
Rationale: Momentum = mass × velocity.


12.

Impulse equals:
A. Force × time
B. Mass × velocity
C. Energy × time
D. Force × distance

Answer: A
Rationale: Impulse changes momentum.


13.

Which law states momentum is conserved?
A. Newton’s 1st
B. Newton’s 2nd
C. Newton’s 3rd
D. Conservation of momentum

Answer: D
Rationale: Momentum remains constant in isolated systems.


14.

A wave transfers:
A. Matter
B. Energy
C. Mass
D. Force

Answer: B
Rationale: Waves carry energy without transporting matter.


15.

Which wave requires a medium?
A. Light
B. Sound
C. X-rays
D. Gamma rays

Answer: B
Rationale: Sound is mechanical.


16.

Frequency is measured in:
A. m/s
B. Hz
C. N
D. J

Answer: B
Rationale: Hertz = cycles per second.


17.

Wave speed formula is:
A. v = fλ
B. v = m/a
C. v = F/m
D. v = d/t

Answer: A
Rationale: Speed = frequency × wavelength.


18.

Which law governs electric force?
A. Newton’s Law
B. Coulomb’s Law
C. Ohm’s Law
D. Faraday’s Law

Answer: B
Rationale: Force between charges.


19.

Electric current is:
A. Voltage
B. Charge flow per time
C. Resistance
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Current = charge/time.


20.

Unit of current is:
A. Volt
B. Ohm
C. Ampere
D. Watt

Answer: C
Rationale: SI unit of current.


21.

Ohm’s Law is:
A. V = IR
B. V = I/R
C. I = VR
D. R = VI

Answer: A
Rationale: Voltage equals current times resistance.


22.

Which increases resistance?
A. Shorter wire
B. Thicker wire
C. Longer wire
D. Higher voltage

Answer: C
Rationale: Resistance ∝ length.


23.

Power is defined as:
A. Work/time
B. Force/time
C. Energy/distance
D. Velocity/time

Answer: A
Rationale: Rate of doing work.


24.

Unit of power is:
A. Joule
B. Watt
C. Volt
D. Amp

Answer: B
Rationale: 1 watt = 1 J/s.


25.

Which force acts toward Earth’s center?
A. Friction
B. Tension
C. Gravity
D. Normal

Answer: C
Rationale: Gravity pulls objects downward.


26.

Newton’s Third Law states:
A. F = ma
B. Objects resist motion
C. Action-reaction pairs
D. Energy conserved

Answer: C
Rationale: Equal and opposite forces.


27.

Friction opposes:
A. Gravity
B. Motion
C. Energy
D. Mass

Answer: B
Rationale: Resists motion.


28.

Acceleration due to gravity on Earth is:
A. 5 m/s²
B. 9.8 m/s²
C. 12 m/s²
D. 20 m/s²

Answer: B
Rationale: Standard value.


29.

Which quantity is conserved in elastic collisions?
A. Energy only
B. Momentum only
C. Both energy and momentum
D. Neither

Answer: C
Rationale: Both are conserved.


30.

Which type of energy is stored in a stretched spring?
A. Kinetic
B. Thermal
C. Elastic potential
D. Chemical

Answer: C
Rationale: Stored due to deformation.

31.

A velocity–time graph with a positive slope represents:
A. Constant velocity
B. Increasing acceleration
C. Constant acceleration
D. Decreasing velocity

Answer: C. Constant acceleration
Rationale: Slope of v–t graph = acceleration.


32.

The area under a velocity–time graph represents:
A. Acceleration
B. Displacement
C. Force
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Area = velocity × time = displacement.


33.

An object in free fall has:
A. Increasing velocity
B. Zero acceleration
C. Constant velocity
D. No motion

Answer: A
Rationale: Gravity accelerates the object downward.


34.

A force applied at an angle does work based on:
A. Total force
B. Vertical component
C. Horizontal component
D. Perpendicular component

Answer: C
Rationale: Work depends on force in direction of displacement.


35.

Which situation has zero work done?
A. Lifting a box
B. Pushing a wall
C. Pulling a sled
D. Moving a cart

Answer: B
Rationale: No displacement = no work.


36.

Which has the greatest momentum?
A. Small mass, high speed
B. Large mass, low speed
C. Equal mass and velocity
D. Depends on both mass and velocity

Answer: D
Rationale: Momentum = mv.


37.

Impulse changes:
A. Velocity
B. Acceleration
C. Momentum
D. Energy

Answer: C
Rationale: Impulse = change in momentum.


38.

In an inelastic collision:
A. Momentum not conserved
B. Energy conserved
C. Kinetic energy not conserved
D. Velocity constant

Answer: C
Rationale: Some KE lost.


39.

Which law explains why rockets move forward?
A. Newton’s 1st
B. Newton’s 2nd
C. Newton’s 3rd
D. Conservation of energy

Answer: C
Rationale: Action-reaction forces.


40.

Centripetal force acts:
A. Outward
B. Inward
C. Upward
D. Downward

Answer: B
Rationale: Toward center of circular motion.


41.

Centripetal acceleration depends on:
A. Velocity and radius
B. Mass only
C. Force only
D. Time only

Answer: A
Rationale: a=v2/ra = v^2 / r


42.

Which increases centripetal force?
A. Lower speed
B. Larger radius
C. Higher speed
D. Lower mass

Answer: C
Rationale: Force increases with velocity squared.


43.

Gravitational force depends on:
A. Mass and distance
B. Velocity
C. Time
D. Energy

Answer: A
Rationale: F=Gm1m2r2F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}


44.

As distance between objects increases, gravity:
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays constant
D. Doubles

Answer: B
Rationale: Inverse square relationship.


45.

Which law explains orbiting planets?
A. Newton’s Laws
B. Kepler’s Laws
C. Ohm’s Law
D. Hooke’s Law

Answer: B
Rationale: Describes planetary motion.


46.

Hooke’s Law is:
A. F = ma
B. F = kx
C. V = IR
D. E = mc²

Answer: B
Rationale: Force proportional to displacement.


47.

Which graph is linear for Hooke’s Law?
A. Force vs displacement
B. Velocity vs time
C. Energy vs time
D. Mass vs force

Answer: A
Rationale: Direct proportionality.


48.

Which increases electric force?
A. Smaller charges
B. Larger distance
C. Larger charges
D. Lower voltage

Answer: C
Rationale: Force ∝ charge.


49.

Electric field is:
A. Force per charge
B. Energy per charge
C. Current per time
D. Voltage per resistance

Answer: A
Rationale: E=F/qE = F/q


50.

Voltage is:
A. Current
B. Resistance
C. Energy per charge
D. Power

Answer: C
Rationale: V=W/qV = W/q


51.

In series circuits, current is:
A. Different
B. Same
C. Zero
D. Infinite

Answer: B
Rationale: Same current flows.


52.

In parallel circuits, voltage is:
A. Same
B. Different
C. Zero
D. Infinite

Answer: A
Rationale: Same across branches.


53.

Total resistance in series:
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Constant
D. Zero

Answer: B
Rationale: Resistances add.


54.

Total resistance in parallel:
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Same
D. Zero

Answer: B
Rationale: Inverse addition.


55.

Power in circuits is:
A. V/I
B. IV
C. I/R
D. V²

Answer: B
Rationale: P=IVP = IV


56.

Which wave has highest frequency?
A. Radio
B. Microwave
C. Visible
D. Gamma

Answer: D
Rationale: Highest energy waves.


57.

Which wave has longest wavelength?
A. Gamma
B. X-ray
C. Radio
D. UV

Answer: C
Rationale: Lowest frequency.


58.

Refraction occurs when:
A. Light reflects
B. Light bends
C. Light stops
D. Light disappears

Answer: B
Rationale: Change in medium.


59.

Which law describes reflection?
A. Angle in = angle out
B. F = ma
C. V = IR
D. E = mc²

Answer: A
Rationale: Equal angles.


60.

Which energy transformation occurs in a generator?
A. Electrical → Mechanical
B. Mechanical → Electrical
C. Thermal → Electrical
D. Chemical → Electrical

Answer: B
Rationale: Motion generates electricity.

61.

A ball is thrown upward. At the highest point, its velocity is:
A. Maximum
B. Zero
C. Negative
D. Constant

Answer: B. Zero
Rationale: At peak height, velocity momentarily becomes zero.


62.

At the highest point of motion, acceleration is:
A. Zero
B. Maximum
C. 9.8 m/s² downward
D. Upward

Answer: C
Rationale: Gravity still acts downward.


63.

If net force is zero, an object:
A. Stops
B. Moves with constant velocity
C. Accelerates
D. Changes direction

Answer: B
Rationale: Newton’s First Law.


64.

Which quantity is conserved in all collisions?
A. Kinetic energy
B. Momentum
C. Force
D. Velocity

Answer: B
Rationale: Momentum is always conserved.


65.

In elastic collisions:
A. Only momentum conserved
B. Only energy conserved
C. Both conserved
D. Neither conserved

Answer: C
Rationale: KE and momentum both conserved.


66.

Work done by gravity on a falling object is:
A. Negative
B. Positive
C. Zero
D. Constant

Answer: B
Rationale: Force and motion are in same direction.


67.

Which has maximum gravitational potential energy?
A. Object at ground
B. Object at height
C. Moving object
D. Falling object

Answer: B
Rationale: PE increases with height.


68.

Mechanical energy is:
A. KE only
B. PE only
C. KE + PE
D. Force × time

Answer: C
Rationale: Total mechanical energy.


69.

If friction is present, mechanical energy:
A. Conserved
B. Lost as heat
C. Doubles
D. Increases

Answer: B
Rationale: Converted to thermal energy.


70.

Which quantity determines rotational inertia?
A. Speed
B. Mass distribution
C. Time
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Depends on how mass is distributed.


71.

Torque is:
A. Force × distance
B. Mass × velocity
C. Energy × time
D. Force × acceleration

Answer: A
Rationale: Rotational equivalent of force.


72.

Angular velocity is measured in:
A. m/s
B. rad/s
C. N
D. J

Answer: B
Rationale: Radians per second.


73.

Which law explains conservation of angular momentum?
A. Newton’s Laws
B. Kepler’s Laws
C. Conservation laws
D. Ohm’s Law

Answer: C
Rationale: Angular momentum conserved in closed systems.


74.

If radius decreases in rotation, angular velocity:
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Stays constant
D. Becomes zero

Answer: B
Rationale: Conservation of angular momentum.


75.

Which is a transverse wave?
A. Sound
B. Water surface wave
C. Compression wave
D. Air wave

Answer: B
Rationale: Oscillations perpendicular.


76.

Which is a longitudinal wave?
A. Light
B. Sound
C. Water wave
D. Electromagnetic

Answer: B
Rationale: Oscillations parallel.


77.

Wave interference results in:
A. Reflection
B. Diffraction
C. Superposition
D. Refraction

Answer: C
Rationale: Waves combine.


78.

Constructive interference occurs when waves:
A. Cancel
B. Reinforce
C. Reflect
D. Bend

Answer: B
Rationale: Amplitudes add.


79.

Destructive interference occurs when:
A. Waves reinforce
B. Waves cancel
C. Waves speed up
D. Waves stop

Answer: B
Rationale: Opposite phases cancel.


80.

Electric potential energy depends on:
A. Charge and distance
B. Mass only
C. Velocity
D. Time

Answer: A
Rationale: Depends on interaction of charges.


81.

Capacitance is:
A. Resistance
B. Charge storage ability
C. Voltage
D. Current

Answer: B
Rationale: Stores electric charge.


82.

Unit of capacitance is:
A. Volt
B. Amp
C. Farad
D. Ohm

Answer: C
Rationale: SI unit.


83.

Magnetic force acts on:
A. Stationary charges
B. Moving charges
C. Mass
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Requires motion.


84.

Which rule determines direction of magnetic force?
A. Left-hand rule
B. Right-hand rule
C. Newton’s law
D. Ohm’s law

Answer: B
Rationale: Used for current and magnetic field.


85.

Induced current is produced by:
A. Constant field
B. Changing magnetic field
C. Static charge
D. Voltage

Answer: B
Rationale: Faraday’s Law.


86.

Which device uses electromagnetic induction?
A. Battery
B. Generator
C. Resistor
D. Capacitor

Answer: B
Rationale: Converts motion to electricity.


87.

Photon energy depends on:
A. Speed
B. Frequency
C. Mass
D. Time

Answer: B
Rationale: E=hfE = hf


88.

Which has highest photon energy?
A. Radio
B. Infrared
C. Visible
D. Gamma

Answer: D
Rationale: Highest frequency.


89.

Photoelectric effect proves light is:
A. Wave only
B. Particle
C. Sound
D. Matter

Answer: B
Rationale: Light behaves as photons.


90.

Which constant relates energy and frequency?
A. Gravitational constant
B. Planck’s constant
C. Coulomb constant
D. Gas constant

Answer: B
Rationale: E=hfE = hf

91.

Pressure is defined as:
A. Force × area
B. Force ÷ area
C. Mass × acceleration
D. Energy ÷ time

Answer: B. Force ÷ area
Rationale: P=FAP = \frac{F}{A}


92.

Unit of pressure is:
A. Newton
B. Joule
C. Pascal
D. Watt

Answer: C
Rationale: SI unit is Pascal (N/m²).


93.

As depth in a fluid increases, pressure:
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Stays constant
D. Becomes zero

Answer: B
Rationale: Pressure increases with depth.


94.

Buoyant force depends on:
A. Object mass
B. Fluid density
C. Velocity
D. Time

Answer: B
Rationale: Depends on displaced fluid.


95.

Archimedes’ principle states:
A. Force equals mass
B. Buoyant force equals weight of displaced fluid
C. Energy conserved
D. Pressure constant

Answer: B
Rationale: Fundamental fluid principle.


96.

Bernoulli’s principle relates:
A. Energy and mass
B. Pressure and velocity
C. Force and time
D. Heat and work

Answer: B
Rationale: Faster fluid → lower pressure.


97.

Continuity equation states:
A. Energy conserved
B. Flow rate constant
C. Force constant
D. Pressure constant

Answer: B
Rationale: A1v1=A2v2A_1v_1 = A_2v_2


98.

Heat is:
A. Energy transfer
B. Temperature
C. Force
D. Pressure

Answer: A
Rationale: Transfer due to temperature difference.


99.

Temperature measures:
A. Energy
B. Average kinetic energy
C. Heat
D. Work

Answer: B
Rationale: Molecular motion.


100.

First law of thermodynamics:
A. Energy destroyed
B. Energy conserved
C. Heat lost
D. Work constant

Answer: B
Rationale: Energy conservation.


101.

Which process has no heat exchange?
A. Isothermal
B. Adiabatic
C. Isobaric
D. Isochoric

Answer: B
Rationale: No heat transfer.


102.

Which process occurs at constant temperature?
A. Adiabatic
B. Isothermal
C. Isochoric
D. Isobaric

Answer: B
Rationale: Temperature constant.


103.

Work done by gas equals:
A. Pressure × volume change
B. Mass × velocity
C. Energy × time
D. Force × time

Answer: A
Rationale: W=PΔVW = PΔV


104.

Efficiency of heat engine is:
A. Output/input
B. Input/output
C. Heat/work
D. Energy/time

Answer: A
Rationale: Efficiency = useful output ÷ input.


105.

Second law of thermodynamics states:
A. Energy conserved
B. Entropy increases
C. Heat constant
D. Work zero

Answer: B
Rationale: Disorder increases.


106.

Which process converts heat to work?
A. Refrigerator
B. Heat engine
C. Generator
D. Capacitor

Answer: B
Rationale: Heat engine operation.


107.

Which lens converges light?
A. Concave
B. Convex
C. Flat
D. Diverging

Answer: B
Rationale: Convex lens focuses light.


108.

Which lens diverges light?
A. Convex
B. Concave
C. Plane
D. Thick

Answer: B
Rationale: Spreads rays outward.


109.

Focal point is:
A. Point where rays meet
B. Point of reflection
C. Energy point
D. Center of lens

Answer: A
Rationale: Convergence point.


110.

Image in plane mirror is:
A. Real
B. Inverted
C. Virtual
D. Magnified

Answer: C
Rationale: Cannot be projected.


111.

Which mirror forms real image?
A. Plane
B. Convex
C. Concave
D. Flat

Answer: C
Rationale: Concave can form real images.


112.

Refraction occurs due to:
A. Speed change
B. Direction change only
C. Energy change
D. Mass change

Answer: A
Rationale: Light changes speed in medium.


113.

Snell’s Law relates:
A. Angles and speed
B. Angles and refractive index
C. Force and motion
D. Energy and time

Answer: B
Rationale: n1sin⁡θ1=n2sin⁡θ2n_1 \sinθ_1 = n_2 \sinθ_2


114.

Critical angle occurs when:
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Total internal reflection
D. Absorption

Answer: C
Rationale: Light reflects completely.


115.

Which phenomenon explains fiber optics?
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Total internal reflection
D. Diffraction

Answer: C
Rationale: Light trapped inside.


116.

Diffraction occurs when waves:
A. Reflect
B. Spread through openings
C. Speed up
D. Stop

Answer: B
Rationale: Wave bending.


117.

Interference pattern depends on:
A. Mass
B. Wavelength
C. Time
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Determines spacing.


118.

Which has shortest wavelength?
A. Radio
B. Microwave
C. X-ray
D. Visible

Answer: C
Rationale: High frequency → short wavelength.


119.

Which phenomenon shows wave nature of light?
A. Photoelectric effect
B. Diffraction
C. Energy
D. Charge

Answer: B
Rationale: Wave behavior.


120.

Which phenomenon shows particle nature of light?
A. Reflection
B. Refraction
C. Photoelectric effect
D. Diffraction

Answer: C
Rationale: Photon behavior.

🚗 Section 1: Motion Graphs (Kinematics)


1.

A position–time graph is a straight line with constant slope. This indicates:
A. Increasing velocity
B. Constant velocity
C. Acceleration
D. Zero motion

Answer: B
Rationale: Slope of position-time = velocity; constant slope = constant velocity.


2.

A position–time graph curves upward (concave up). This indicates:
A. Constant velocity
B. Negative acceleration
C. Positive acceleration
D. Zero acceleration

Answer: C
Rationale: Increasing slope means increasing velocity → acceleration.


3.

A velocity–time graph is horizontal above zero. This means:
A. Object accelerating
B. Object at rest
C. Constant positive velocity
D. Negative velocity

Answer: C
Rationale: Constant velocity → no acceleration.


4.

Area under a velocity–time graph gives:
A. Acceleration
B. Force
C. Displacement
D. Speed

Answer: C
Rationale: Area = displacement.


5.

Slope of a velocity–time graph represents:
A. Speed
B. Distance
C. Acceleration
D. Energy

Answer: C
Rationale: Rate of change of velocity.


6.

If velocity–time graph crosses the time axis:
A. Object stops and reverses direction
B. Acceleration becomes zero
C. Speed increases
D. Force disappears

Answer: A
Rationale: Velocity changes sign → direction changes.


7.

A flat line on acceleration–time graph means:
A. Changing acceleration
B. Constant acceleration
C. Zero velocity
D. Increasing force

Answer: B
Rationale: Constant value = constant acceleration.


8.

Area under acceleration–time graph represents:
A. Displacement
B. Velocity change
C. Force
D. Energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Integral of acceleration = velocity.


9.

If velocity decreases linearly on graph:
A. Constant acceleration
B. Increasing acceleration
C. Zero acceleration
D. Variable force

Answer: A
Rationale: Straight decreasing line → constant negative acceleration.


10.

Steeper slope in position–time graph means:
A. Lower velocity
B. Higher velocity
C. Zero acceleration
D. Constant energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Greater slope = higher velocity.


🔌 Section 2: Circuits & Electricity Graphs


11.

A current vs voltage graph is a straight line through origin. This indicates:
A. Non-ohmic material
B. Constant resistance
C. Increasing resistance
D. Zero current

Answer: B
Rationale: Ohm’s Law behavior.


12.

Slope of I–V graph represents:
A. Resistance
B. Power
C. Conductance
D. Voltage

Answer: C
Rationale: Slope = I/V = 1/R.


13.

A steeper I–V graph means:
A. Higher resistance
B. Lower resistance
C. Higher voltage
D. Lower current

Answer: B
Rationale: Greater slope = more current per voltage.


14.

A curved I–V graph indicates:
A. Ohmic behavior
B. Constant resistance
C. Non-ohmic device
D. Zero resistance

Answer: C
Rationale: Resistance changes with voltage.


15.

In power vs current graph, power increases with:
A. Current squared
B. Current
C. Voltage only
D. Time

Answer: A
Rationale: P=I2RP = I^2 R


16.

A horizontal line in current-time graph means:
A. Changing current
B. Constant current
C. Zero current
D. Increasing voltage

Answer: B
Rationale: No change over time.


17.

Area under current-time graph represents:
A. Voltage
B. Resistance
C. Charge
D. Power

Answer: C
Rationale: Q=ItQ = It


18.

If resistance increases, I–V graph slope:
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stays same
D. Doubles

Answer: B
Rationale: Slope = 1/R.


19.

A vertical line in I–V graph means:
A. Constant voltage
B. Infinite resistance
C. Zero resistance
D. Constant current

Answer: A
Rationale: Voltage fixed.


20.

A horizontal I–V line indicates:
A. Infinite resistance
B. Zero resistance
C. Constant current
D. Variable voltage

Answer: C
Rationale: Current unchanged.


🔍 Section 3: Optics & Wave Graphs


21.

A wave graph with higher peaks indicates:
A. Higher frequency
B. Greater amplitude
C. Lower wavelength
D. Lower energy

Answer: B
Rationale: Amplitude = height of wave.


22.

Shorter wavelength on graph means:
A. Lower frequency
B. Higher frequency
C. Lower speed
D. No change

Answer: B
Rationale: Frequency inversely proportional to wavelength.


23.

A wave with larger frequency has:
A. Longer wavelength
B. Shorter wavelength
C. Lower energy
D. Same speed

Answer: B
Rationale: v=fλv = fλ


24.

Intensity of light depends on:
A. Frequency
B. Amplitude squared
C. Wavelength
D. Speed

Answer: B
Rationale: Intensity ∝ amplitude².


25.

Constructive interference graph shows:
A. Cancellation
B. Larger amplitude
C. Smaller amplitude
D. Zero wave

Answer: B
Rationale: Waves add.


26.

Destructive interference graph shows:
A. Larger peaks
B. Cancellation
C. Increased frequency
D. Increased speed

Answer: B
Rationale: Waves cancel out.


27.

A ray diagram with converging rays indicates:
A. Concave lens
B. Convex lens
C. Flat mirror
D. Diverging mirror

Answer: B
Rationale: Convex lens focuses light.


28.

Parallel rays reflecting and spreading indicate:
A. Plane mirror
B. Concave mirror
C. Convex mirror
D. Prism

Answer: C
Rationale: Convex mirror diverges rays.


29.

A graph showing angle of incidence vs reflection is:
A. Curved
B. Linear
C. Exponential
D. Random

Answer: B
Rationale: Equal angles → straight line.


30.

Refraction graph showing bending toward normal indicates:
A. Lower density medium
B. Higher density medium
C. No change
D. Reflection

Answer: B
Rationale: Light slows in denser medium.